![]() ![]() We also identified common challenges related to permitting and funding, which often arise as a consequence of uncertainties in performance and long-term sustainability for diverse NNBF approaches. In the Texas case study this dramatically shifted one part of the project design from a more traditional, gray approach to a more natural hybrid solution. ![]() Each project involved stakeholder engagement and incorporated feedback into the design process. All three case studies began with innovative project funding and framing that enabled expansion beyond a sole focus on flood risk reduction to include multiple functions and benefits. We synthesize findings from these case studies to report areas of progress and illustrate remaining challenges. This study examines three innovative coastal resilience projects that use NNBF approaches to improve coastal community resilience to flooding while providing a host of other benefits: 1) Living Breakwaters in New York Harbor 2) the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Study and 3) the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project in San Francisco Bay. Yet there remain many unknowns about how to design and implement these projects. They seek to provide communities with coastal protection from storms, erosion, and/or flooding while also providing some of the other natural benefits that restored habitats provide. While coastal restoration projects have been happening for decades, NNBF projects go above and beyond coastal restoration. Coastal engineers and managers often rely on gray infrastructure such as seawalls, levees and breakwaters, but are increasingly seeking to incorporate more sustainable natural and nature-based features (NNBF). This paper presents a summary of the methods used, results and lessons learned from the Living Breakwaters modeling program.Ĭoastal communities around the world are facing increased coastal flooding and shoreline erosion from factors such as sea-level rise and unsustainable development practices. A suite of modeling tools and techniques were required to fully understand all elements of design and performance. To inform the design and the benefits of the Living Breakwaters, an understanding of the wave conditions, sediment transport, and the shoreline response to the project were required and the design and performance the breakwaters, including the ecological enhancements, needed to be assessed. In order to reduce the likelihood for down-drift erosion, a balance between slowing longshore sediment transport to reduce long-term beach erosion and providing storm wave reduction needed to be reached. In order to meet these diverse goals, the Living Breakwaters have a number of unique features including reef streets and ridges, crenulations, specialized stone gradations and ecologically enhanced concrete armor units and tide pools. The Living Breakwaters project is an innovative implementation of coastal resilient infrastructure that aims to increase physical, ecological, and social resilience by attenuating damaging storm waves, reducing or reversing long-term coastal erosion, enhancing ecosystems by creating structured marine habitat, and fostering social resilience. ![]()
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